Sunday, August 4, 2013

Post-Trip Cultural Reflection Blog

          The Dialogue of Civilizations in Sao Paulo was my first international experience.  I have done minimal travelling in the United States, and attending this dialogue was an entertaining dive out of my comfort zone.  Immersing myself in another country for a month allowed me to discover many cultural practices that I would not have been able to enjoy otherwise.  It also reminded me not to take certain things about life in the United States for granted.  Reflecting on my likes and dislikes from the trip taught me several things about myself.  I was able to learn what customs Brazilians hold dear, while weighing my value system against the overarching ideals of Brazilian society.

Brazilian Soccer
            My understanding of culture is that it is behaviors stemming from civilization.  Culture is a product of society, and societies with different value systems lead to different cultural practices.  The popularity of soccer in Brazil vs. in the United States is a thought provoking example of this fact.
            Anywhere in the world, a ball rolling across the ground will automatically attract people to play with it.  There is an innate need for humans to practice athletics.   During the soccer history lecture, we learned that soccer has been used since the Han Dynasty in China as a means of training warriors.  I found it interesting that soccer has been connected to military applications from very early on.  Across the world in Mexico, the Aztec’s used soccer as a means of religious expression, further proving the bond between soccer and societal development.   
            Gus offered an explanation as to why sports are a ubiquitous element of culture; sports are just a domestication of the human instinct to hunt.  Since the early stages of culture, humans with spare time could use athletic competition as a means to develop their own physical strengths.  In fact, the development of strict rules in soccer came about during a time of intense societal change.  During the industrial revolution, soccer was used amongst work crews to encourage team building.  Rules were implemented because if a worker became seriously injured they would be unable to work the next day.  In this way, rules in soccer were a result of the domestication of players into the industrial work force.
                        
Chinese soccer used to train warriors-image shared by sports radio personality conducting lecture

Charles William Miller is considered to be the father of Brazilian soccer.  He was the son of a Scottish immigrant in Brazil and attended school in England.  Miller was invited to play in Brazil in 1892 and helped develop the Sao Paulo Athletic Club.  The Corinthians, a Brazilian soccer team, bears the same name as the club he played for in England. 

            Like many Estados Unidenses, I do not have a strong interest in soccer.  Yet attending the Sao Paulo vs. Corinthians match at Morumbi Stadium was one of the most interesting cultural experiences from the trip.  One difference immediately noticeable as compared to United States sports was the way chants were conducted.  In Brazil, there are organizations dedicated to leading the fans through.  Everyone in the fan section was coordinated in one cheer that was signaled by a drum.  This was reminiscent of a priest leading a congregation, symbolizing the Brazilian treatment of soccer as a borderline religious experience.

Corinthians Fan Section

            The political implications of soccer in Sao Paulo stem even deeper.  The local government has invested heavily in building soccer stadiums for the World Cup and the 2016 Olympics.  This has fueled some public unrest.  Many citizens of Sao Paulo do not support this decision because they see it as an unnecessary speculation in private sectors.  Instead, the Paulistas would prefer to see the money used to upgrade public facilities such as schools, hospitals, and public transportation.  Discontent regarding the soccer stadiums is one of many causes for the protests over the last few months.  I have even heard the argument that stadiums pushed people out of their homes to the periphery of the city.


Sao Paulo Subway Map
The public transportation system is also linked to political unrest in Sao Paulo.  A plan to increase fare prices was abandoned due to the protesting.  There is also a complaint that the subway does not service the periphery of the city.  However in my experience trains conveniently arrive at a stop about every three minutes.

            Another noticeable fact about the soccer game was the high police presence.  Choque troops (Sao Paulo riot police) were positioned at the entrance and around the perimeter of the seating sections.  Just outside the entrance I could see policemen on horses and riot shields waiting in a van.  The potential for civil unrest shows how seriously Brazilians take soccer.  Police presence was intensified due to protests throughout July.   Whether or not the public unrest is justified, the political implications of soccer in Brazil are undeniable.
            To summarize, soccer in Brazil was a medium through which I learned about current events in Sao Paulo.  With all this background information about soccer in Brazil, this dialogue helped me find interest in a sport I would otherwise feel little connection with.

The Art of Sao Paulo
Abstract mural in a courtyard at ESPM, the college we attended for classes. The university focuses on marketing and it is one of the top educational institutions in the city.  Murals, which could be considered a form of grafite, are ubiquitous in the university.

            One thing I will miss about Sao Paulo is the prominence of quality street art.  On the ride from the airport to the hotel, it was undeniably evident that graffiti is treated much differently in Brazil than in the United States.  Empty walls are a rarity in Sao Paulo, and the quality of the work frankly outdoes the typical line style tags that can be seen in Boston.
                                        
Beco do Batman (Batman’s Alley) in Vila Madalena

            In fact, the Brazilian government passed a law in 2009 that decriminalizes graffiti.  The only caveat is that the artist must have permission from the owner.  Brazilian culture actually distinguishes from street artwork, referred to as “grafite” and tagging which is called “pixe”.


            Throughout Sao Paulo, I have seen street art used for a variety of purposes.  In Vila Madalena, I observed a wall painting depicting a city street with “1+1=3”posted on billboards and street signs.  The equation is also in the thoughts and words of the city dwellers.  Also note the police presence in the picture.  This is an expression of skepticism against the government and propaganda.  In Sao Paulo I have  seen street art used for advertisement, decoration, cultural symbolism, public awareness, and political expression.

Graphite near ESPM used as a public service announcement

            I learned more information regarding the artistic history of Brazil at the Pinacoteca do Estado.  The Pinacoteca is the oldest art Museum in Sao Paulo, founded in 1905.  Beforehand, it was an educational institution and a government building.  The Pinacoteca houses sculptures and paintings from local artists, supplemented by contributions from artists around Brazil.  The museum does an excellent job of preserving the history of Sao Paulo by documenting portraits of royalty that has overseen the state.  I was less interested in these however and more drawn to the landscape paintings. 

Pinacoteca do Estado-Group Photo

This painting captures trees with roots above ground, something I saw for the first time in Sao Paulo

This is my favorite painting from the Pinacoteca; the waterfall was painted very realistically and the sunset is an excellent touch.  The man sitting by the rainbow is my favorite detail.

            When I signed up for the dialogue, I intended to expose myself to experiences that are strictly Brazilian.  This is why the capoeira class was absolutely invaluable to my time in Brazil.   Capoeira is a form of dance martial arts invented in Brazil.  The fighting technique has very obvious African and Indigenous American influences.  In fact the word capoeira comes from the Tupi (Brazilian native american) language.  The game was developed by African slaves to conceal capoeira’s identity as a martial arts style.  I think it’s incredibly fortunate that Brazilian culture preserved the dance form as a testimony to the contact zone between Native Americans and African slaves.

Playing capoeira is based on evasion and momentum redirection.  It does not involve blocking strikes or grappling.  This differs from the art of karate most people are used to seeing and adds to the dancing effect.

            The instructor and his assistants kept hammering home that the key to capoeira is to have fun.  In fact, capoeira matches are referred to as “playing capoeira”.  I found this really interesting, because no one every uses the words “play kickboxing” or “play karate”.  The entertainment value of capoeira was reiterated in the way the game is conducted.  For example, matches are played within a circle of instruments.  The game is initiated by a progression of instruments joining into the beat (berimbau, tambourine, then drum) which gives capoeira an ominous but spirited feel.  This also preserves the African roots of capoeira.  Capoeira is a unique part of Brazilian culture and encompasses arts such as music, dance, martial arts, and gymnastics.  The dodging moves we were taught to do remind me distinctly of something from a Hollywood action film.   I think this represents what a US citizen would find interesting about capoeira.
A second unique Brazilian dance form we were able to explore was Samba.  Samba became an urban sensation in Rio and Sao Paulo in the 1920’s.  The dance is also mentally associated with carnival, further ingraining it in Brazilian culture.

            The leader does the following moves and the follower does the opposite feet.  The numbers represent what you are counting out during the step:

  1. Step forward left
  2. Bring right foot up to left foot
  3. Left foot step in place
  4. Step back with right foot
  5. Bring left foot back to right foot
  6. Right foot step in place
  7. Repeat

            The steps in place take a little more practice to carry out with rhythm.  Overall I enjoyed learning the basic moves of Samba.  When the instructors performed a demonstration, the steps were done not linearly back in forth but in sweeping motions.  This art form is crucial to Brazilian musical culture as well as romanticism.  It is a staple in Brazil’s rich history of art.

Paraty
The preserved Portuguese colonial town of Paraty is an illustrative excursion from the dialogue.  The history of Paraty’s economic significance closely parallels the country of Brazil as a whole.  The colony was founded in 1667 and struggled to survive until gold was discovered in Minas Gerais in 1696.  Paraty, with its shallow shores, thrived as a defendable port to export gold to Portugal.  This represents how colonizing Brazil was a bad investment for the Portuguese until the gold rushes of the 1690’s.  When the gold ran out in the late 1700’s, the city was abandoned.  It was then revived 100 years later when the coffee and sugar cane became the primary exports of Brazil.  Today, Brazil is leading South America in the tourism market, and tourism accounts for about 9% of the national GDP.  In this way it is very fitting that Paraty is now a tourist destination. 
“Caminho do Ouro” (Gold Trail) connecting Paraty bay to Diamantina in Minas Gerais

Several other elements of Paraty where symbolic of Brazil’s history as a whole.  For example, none of the native poeples who names Paraty (“River of Fish”) still live in the town.  This speaks to the fate of native americans thorughout Brazil that where either assimilated, enslaved, killed, or relocated.  Also, the town has a total of four churches for different social groups.  The church a citizen atteneded was based on race and economic class.  This is representative of racial tensions and class inequality in Brazil.  However it can also be seen as an artifact of  Brazil’s cultural melting pot. 

Brazilian Cuisine
            My misconception that all Brazilian food relied heavily on beans and rice was absolutely false.  In fact, dining in Sao Paulo accounted for many of my favorite experiences during the dialogue.  The churrascaria rodizio, which we attended early in the trip, is one of my favorite places I have eaten.  The waiters bring you meat on swords, which has the effect of a buffet but lazier.  I tried linguica, differently seasoned beef, and even chicken hearts before I was entirely sure what they were.  The rodizio also offered sushi and dessert, which were both excellent over-the-top additions to the meal.  Another testament to meat dishes in Sao Paulo are mixcla platters.  These are grilling plates that sit on the table and I highly recommend getting them.
Caipirinha Limon

            Another aspect of the Brazilian diet that was easy to get used to was Brazil’s national cocktail; the caipirinha.  It is made from four ingredients: cachaça, mashed fruit, sugar, and ice cubes.  Traditionally, caipirinhas are made with cachaça, which is fermented sugarcane.  However, I think they are much smoother with Smirnoff vodka.  A regular caipirinha comes with lime, but I prefer other fruits so you can consume them during the drinking process.  The best caipirinha I have had thus far is the abacaxi (pineapple) caipirinha at Veloso Bar on Rua Conceicao Veloso in Vila Mariana.  Caipirinhas were one of my favorite aspects of Brazilian culture and I will certainly be bringing the tradition of their consumption back to the United States with me.
            There were however, two things about Brazilian beverages that I will not miss.  The first is that almost nothing can be taken to go.  In the United States, I am used to ordering a medium iced coffee from Dunkin Donuts and getting it in a nice plastic to-go cup with a lid.  In Brazil however, ice coffee is not available and you will get your café in a tea cup that you obviously cannot leave with.  I think this speaks to the cultural differences where Americans are generally seen as always in a hurry.  It also highlights the value I place on convenience as a United States citizen.  The second thing I disliked about Brazilian cuisine is that water is not free.  This is because the tap water is not always potable, making clean water a much more valuable commodity.  Water usually comes in a 300mL bottle, so I end up ordering more than one over the course of a meal.  Dealing with this for a month taught me not to take small luxuries for granted.


Saturday, July 27, 2013

Gas to Energy and the Sao Joao Landfill

Arial View of Sao Joao Landfill 

Unfortunately, I caught a cold and was unable to attend the trip to the Sao Joao landfill.  This landfill is one of the largest in all of Brazil, collecting the 15,000 ton daily trash production of Sao Paulo.  The landfill is an exploratory project in alternative energy generation, producing energy through the combustion of methane gas.  It is currently at full operational capacity and has 24.64 MW of installed capacity spread among 16 turbine-generator systems.  The project consumes a fair amount of energy, and some energy loss is expected during transmission to the grid.  Thus, about 20.9 MW of energy will be transmitted to the Sao Paulo grid after the transmission lines are commissioned.

Generator Room at Sao Joao

There are also environmental and social implications to this project.  Methane gas that would normally contribute to greenhouse gas emissions is now combusted and thus destroyed.  This is done through what is referred to as a LFG (landfill gas) recovery system.  There are also stacks included in the plant design to burn of leftover methane, further preventing emissions.  The link below contains formulas for verifying the greenhouse gas reduction potential of the landfill.  In terms of social value, construction of the plant provided temporary jobs for workers in the area.


Schematic of Methane Gas Energy and LFG Recovery System

The gas is collected from the ground and taken through a condensate knockout step.  This removes water and other contaminates to prepare the gas for use as a fuel.  If the amount of gas coming from the landfill is greater than the generator capacity, the gas is burned of via flare stacks.  This is done rather than retaining the gas because buildup can cause the landfill to explode.  Compressors and coolers are also utilized to condense the gas to a level usable by the internal combustion engines.  

http://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/8/O/0/8O01DQS97FACYKBE6LJWNUGVX52ZPM/PDD.PDF?t=RkN8bXFtNzM0fDCrFXbzW35ZMKwT7ufAjtC3     

Lecture from Dr. Milton Flávio Lautenschlager-Sub Secretary of Renewable Energy

On the 23rd we received a lecture from Dr. Milton Lautenschlager, Sub Secretary of Renewable Energy for Sao Paulo State. He is a PhD in experimental surgery, and is also a state representative. Early in the lecture, he stated his goal as Sub Secretary is to make Sao Paulo 69% renewable energy dependent by 2020.

Moreover, this goal is a moving target, because the developmental of Sao Paulo will continue to progress. One idiom that Lautenschlager shared with us is "Sao Paulo is the locomotive of the train", signifying that the state is the driving force behind Brazil's economy. He supported this claim with several statistics. For example, Sao Paulo produces 33% of the national GDP, contains, 22% of the total population, and has a 50% higher GDP per capita compared to the rest of the country. Due to Sao Paulo's importance to the Brazilian economy, the state must not be allowed to stagnate developmentally if Brazil is to progress as a whole. This is why Lautenschlager's goal must account for a growing energy supply demand for Sao Paulo state.

Dr. Milton Lautenschlager

Dr. Lautenschlager then went on to outline his strategy for obtaining this goal. The plan relies on three pillars; biomass, wind, and solar energy. In his opinion, hydraulic energy potential has already been fully tapped for the state. Something I found very impressive about this multi-faceted solution is that it is conducive to consistency. When precipitation begins to decline in April, it has a negative effect on hydroelectric energy production. Fortunately, this coincides with the biomass harvest season, which makes up the deficit. Solar energy production peaks in September right before biomass energy production begins to decline. Wind power remains fairly consistent over the course of the year. I found this diversified plan and the statistics proving its benefits to really impressive.

Renewable Energy Generation by Month Directly from Dr. Lautenschlager's Presentation

Sao Paulo is already heavily reliant on biomass. 10.6% of the world energy production comes from biomass sources. Brazil receives 17% of its total energy from biomass, while Sao Paulo generates a whopping 33% of its energy from this source. It is Lautenschlager's conviction that expanding the biomass profile will require cooperation on all levels; the government must produce the policies, agricultural sectors must designate the land, and industry must produce the energy from the biomass.

Currently, Sao Paulo is recycling bagasse by combustion. This means they are simply burning the material to power steam engines. One scientific endevour explored by Sao Paulo is converting this bagasse to sugar, and then by fermentation to ethanol for transportation purposes. Also, there is a plan in the works to expand the biomass profile beyond bagasse by combusting / converting the peels of citrus fruits.

One student asked Lautenschlager if biomass is cutting into the food supply of Sao Paulo. He says this problem is not apparent (as with United States corn-ethanol production) because bagasse is a byproduct and Brazil already has extensive agricultural areas. My question to Dr. Lautenschlager was if he sees biomass as being always the key pillar to Sao Paulo's alternative energy production. I found his response quite amusing; "God is Brazilian, but I am not a prophet". In other words, he has no ability to predict these thing, affirming the need to invest in all alternative energy options. However, Brazil continues to be a country on the cutting edge of biomass utilization and will continue to be so for the foreseeable future.
  Total Energy Production for the World, Brazil, and Sao Paulo

A vast majority of Brazil's wind energy potential is situated in the north-eastern region of the country. However, Lautenschlager's team has been able to identify three areas where wind energy utilization is feasible. These three areas are Sorocaba, Bauru, and Campinas. Each area has its challenges and benefits. For example, Sorocaba is isolated from the Sao Paulo energy grid network, and an estimated 10% loss of energy would occur in transfer. In Campinas, which is an urban area, the price and availability of land is the main issue.

SoliClima Solar Water Heater

The solar energy potential of Sao Paulo is greater than that of the entire country of Germany, yet this potential is far from being utilized. The opportunities to use solar energy is focused in the north-western regions of Sao Paulo. Lautenschlager's strategy also includes using solar energy on the local level. In other words, buildings will be fit with solar panels for their own energy consumption. Lower income areas are being targeted for solar-thermal, which directly converts sunlight to heat from the water supply. Their are other sets of criteria for being on the solar energy target list. For example, buildings that have high roof surface area but low energy consumption could supply energy to the grid while fulfilling their requirements. These include supermarkets and the fast food supply chain Habib's. Public parks could also be explored as an option. Lautenschlager believes that success stories in these target areas will increase the public support and awareness of solar panels as an alternative energy option. One student brought up the question of who will pay for the solar panels on the FIFA stadiums. Lautenschlager says that only time will tell, and that asking for public money in the presence of the protests is unthinkable.

Solar Panels on Maracana Stadium 

Dr. Lautenschlager also covered biogas production and remaining untapped hydroelectric in his presentation.  He candidly denounced hydraulic fracturing for natural gas as a solution to Brazil's energy demands.  As a land of rivers, Brazil contains a large portion of the world's potable water shelf.  Lautenschlager sees contaminating this as an enormous moral crime.  He also boldly stated that the United States should serve as a warning to other countries not to do this.  This was a popular opinion among my peers, as we have all seen the Gasland documentary.

The Pinheiros River in Sao Paulo

To conclude his presentation, Dr. Lautenschlager opened the floor for questions. After an hour or so of answering our inquiries, he complimented us on the number of questions we asked.  He said that he doesn't remember ever answering so many questions, and that this is the best thing that could happen to a professor.  
To follow up, he asked us what we thought about his alternative energy plans and the current state of alternative energy in general.  My response that was as Americans, who rely mostly on imports, natural gas, and other environmentally unfriendly fuels, we are thoroughly impressed.  Lautenschlager replied that, for the sake of the truth, the Pinheiros river is as contaminated as it is today because the hydroelectric plant reduced the flow of the river.  This comment really impressed me; politicians get a bad reputation, and having a state representative point out an unfortunate truth when he could have otherwise brushed it under the rug was surprising and reassuring.  The alternative energy future of Sao Paulo is in good hands, and I look forward to seeing how the state progresses over the next few years.

 







  


Monday, July 22, 2013

Mercado Municipal Paulistano

Mercado Municipal Paulistano

Caju-Cashew Fruit from which Cashew Nut is Wrought 

Abacaxi Cristalizado-Candied Pineapple

I bought several candied fruits from a stand called Banco Do Ramon.  The only one I recognized was pineapple.  Candied pineapple has a slightly tougher exterior with an sort of fibrous center.  It has a slight pineapple taste and is not overwhelmingly sugary.

Amendoa Confeitura Prata-Chocolate & Silver Covered Almonds

I bought 4 of these for 2 Reais at a stand with a variety of nuts.  When I first tried to bite it I wasn't totally sure it was food.  I later discovered you have to suck the silver poisoning off the exterior and bite into it with your back teeth.  They did in fact taste like metal but weren't too bad.  I would recommend these sem prata...  

Rambutans-Lichas 

These fruits are red and covered with spiny protrusions that make them look like land urchins.  These spins are not sharp and you have to peel the skin off.  The salesperson did this by spinning it through a knife.  

Open Licha

The fruit of the Rambutan is very similar to a grape, but maybe a little sweeter. It is gummy with a pit on the inside. I recommend these and bought 5 for R$ 5.


Nespera-Loquat

Granadilla-Similar to a Pomegranate

Roxo Mangosteen-Purple Mangosteen 


Mangosteen has a purple skin that has to be cut off.  Inside is a white gelatinous fruit with pits.  It was very sweet and I would recommend them.  The salesperson let us try them por gratis.

Rosellia (phonetically)-Red Berries

These berries had a very earthy/grassy taste with a cranberry sour aftertaste.  I got the platter of them for R$ 15 and I think they were my favorite fruit from the mercado.

Linguica-Pepperoni

I'm not sure if this meat was either linguica or pepperoni.  It was spicier than both with allot of fat chunks in it. The samples were chewy but would probably be a good addition to mortadella sandwiches.

Salada de Fruita (Pote Pequeno)-Fruit Salad (Small Bowl)

This was served to us with condensed milk for R$ 3.  There were kiwi, mango, strawberries, and several other anonymous fruits.  It was very good and probably easy to make yourself. 

Friday, July 19, 2013

Hydroelectric Power-Henry Borden Power Plant


Henry Borden Power Plant-Generator House and Water Feed Pipes

In my opinion, the Henry Borden Power Plant was the most interesting excursion thus far.  The tour started with a brief history of the plant, along with a schematic description of the elevations used in the design.  The plant receives its energy from the natural height of the Tiete River. 

Smaller Scale Model of Turbine Apparatus

Smaller Scale Model of Turbine and Generator

An interesting Fluid Transport principle was used in the design for the turbine injector nozzles.  The cross sectional area of the pipe is decreased just before reaching the turbines.  This increases the flow rate of the stream due to the conservation of matter.  It also increases the pressure of the water just before it hits the turbine blades.

  Injector Needle Visible

The nozzle itself has a pointed needle sticking out of it.  This directs the flow of water into a straight line due to adhesion to the needles surface.  The water molecules want to hug the surface of the needle, and thus the water shoots like a jet off the point of the needle.

Actual Size Injector 

I was really interested in the shape of the turbine blades.  We did a classroom exercise where we designed turbines, and the question of optimal blade shape was considered.  The blades are concave, and I am assuming this is to catch as much water as possible.  The blades also include a pointed slant in the center.  I am guessing that this is to allow water to drip off the blade.  Once the energy in the water is spent, it would be undesirable to let the stagnant water sit in the blade cup.  This is because it would absorb some of the energy and cut the rotor efficiency.  I think optimizing the exact geometry of the blades could be an interesting way to improve hydroelectric technology.

Actual Size of One Turbine Blade

 Point on Turbine Blade

 Turbines (Not in Use)

 Turbines (Not in Use)
 
Generator and Turbine In Use

Hydraulic Fluid and Lubricant Tank

Jump-Starter System for Turbine Activation

Control Panel and Gauges

Close up of Penstocks


Entrance to The Cave

The second area of the power plant is referred to as “The Cave”.  During a revolt against the federal government in 1920, the military attempted to bomb the power plant.  This is because it is a strategic energy generation site for Sao Paulo.  The Cave was designed as a back-up power plant that would be less susceptible to bombings.  However, the revolt ended before it could be built for this purpose.  Instead, The Cave was built three decades later in order to satisfy higher energy demands as well as unemployment issues.

Generator in The Cave

Turbine in The Cave

Hydraulic Fluid and Lubricant in The Cave

In a presentation on Monday, I attempted to calculate the height of the damn using the flowrate and an estimated turbine efficiency. 

• Given: P=880 MW power (8.8*10^8 Watts), Flowrate=395 cubic meters/s
• Formula: P=phrgk
• Assumptions: k=.4 (40% efficient turbines)
• 8.8x10^8=1000*h*395*9.8*.4

• h=568.32 m =.35 miles=5.2 football fields with end zones

The actual height of the damn is however 718.5 meters. I can now use this number to calculate the actual efficiency of the turbine-generator systems.

• 8.8x10^8=1000*718.5*395*9.8*.k
• k=.316 or 31.6% efficient
This can also be expressed as 2.2 MW of power / cubic meter